
Sober Cyclist
Add a review FollowOverview
-
Sectors Fashion / Merchandising
-
Posted Jobs 0
-
Viewed 11
Company Description
Expert System Industry In China
The expert system industry in individuals’s Republic of China is a rapidly establishing multi-billion dollar market. The roots of China’s AI development started in the late 1970s following Deng Xiaoping’s financial reforms emphasizing science and innovation as the nation’s primary productive force.
The initial stages of China’s AI development were sluggish and experienced substantial challenges due to absence of resources and talent. At the beginning China was behind the majority of Western countries in regards to AI development. A bulk of the research study was led by scientists who had gotten higher education abroad. [1]
Since 2006, the government of individuals’s Republic of China has steadily developed a nationwide program for artificial intelligence advancement and emerged as among the leading countries in expert system research and development. [2] In 2016, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) launched its thirteenth five-year strategy in which it aimed to become an international AI leader by 2030. [3]
The State Council has a list of “national AI groups” including fifteen China-based companies, consisting of Baidu, Tencent, Alibaba, SenseTime, and iFlytek. [citation needed] Each business must lead the advancement of a designated specialized AI sector in China, such as facial recognition, software/hardware, and speech acknowledgment. China’s fast AI development has actually significantly impacted Chinese society in many locations, consisting of the socio-economic, military, and political spheres. Agriculture, transportation, accommodation and food services, and manufacturing are the top industries that would be the most impacted by further AI release.
The personal sector, university laboratories, and the military are working collaboratively in lots of elements as there are couple of current existing limits. [4] In 2021, China published the Data Security Law of individuals’s Republic of China, its first nationwide law addressing AI-related ethical issues. In October 2022, the United States federal government announced a series of export controls and trade constraints planned to restrict China’s access to advanced computer system chips for AI applications. [5] [6]
Concerns have actually been raised about the impacts of the Chinese government’s censorship routine on the advancement of generative expert system and talent acquisition with state of the nation’s demographics. [7] [8]
History
The research and advancement of artificial intelligence in China started in the 1980s, with the announcement by Deng Xiaoping of the significance of science and innovation for China’s financial development. [3]
Late 1970s to early 2010s
Expert system research study and development did not begin until the late 1970s after Deng Xiaoping’s financial reforms. [3] While there was an absence of AI-related research study in between the 1950s and 1960s, some scholars think this is due to the influence of cybernetics from the Soviet Union in spite of the Sino-Soviet split throughout the late 1950s and early 1960s. [9] In the 1980s, a group of Chinese researchers introduced AI research study led by Qian Xuesen and Wu Wenjun. [9] However, throughout the time, China’s society still had an usually conservative view towards AI. [9] Early AI development in China was tough so China’s government approached these challenges by sending out Chinese scholars overseas to study AI and additional providing government funds for research study projects. The Chinese Association for Expert System (CAAI) was founded in September 1981 and was authorized by the Ministry of Civil Affairs. [10] The very first chairman of the executive committee was Qin Yuanxun, who got a PhD in approach from Harvard University. [citation needed] In 1987, China’s first research study publication on synthetic intelligence was published by Tsinghua University. Beginning in 1993, clever automation and intelligence have been part of China’s nationwide technology strategy. [9]
Since the 2000s, the Chinese government has even more expanded its research study and advancement funds for AI and the variety of government-sponsored research study jobs has actually significantly increased. [3] In 2006, China announced a policy top priority for the advancement of synthetic intelligence, which was consisted of in the National Medium and Long Term Prepare For the Development of Science and Technology (2006-2020), released by the State Council. [2] In the same year, expert system was also discussed in the eleventh five-year plan. [11]
In 2011, the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) established a branch in Beijing, China. [12] At very same year, the Wu Wenjun Artificial Intelligence Science and Technology Award was founded in honor of Chinese mathematician Wu Wenjun, and it ended up being the highest award for Chinese accomplishments in the field of expert system. The very first award ceremony was hung on May 14, 2012. [13] In 2013, the International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI) was held in Beijing, marking the very first time the conference was kept in China. This event accompanied the Chinese federal government’s statement of the “Chinese Intelligence Year,” a significant turning point in China’s advancement of artificial intelligence. [12]
Late 2010s to early 2020s
The State Council of China released “A Next Generation Expert System Development Plan” (State Council Document [2017] No. 35) on 20 July 2017. In the file, the CCP Central Committee and the State Council urged governing bodies in China to promote the development of expert system. Specifically, the strategy described AI as a strategic technology that has become a “focus of global competition”. [14]:2 The file urged substantial investment in a variety of tactical areas related to AI and required close cooperation between the state and economic sectors. On the celebration of CCP basic secretary Xi Jinping’s speech at the first plenary meeting of the Central Military-Civil Fusion Development Committee (CMCFDC), scholars from the National Defense University wrote in the PLA Daily that the “transferability of social resources” between financial and military ends is an essential part to being a fantastic power. [15] During the Two Sessions 2017,”artificial intelligence plus” was proposed to be elevated to a tactical level. [16] The exact same year experienced the introduction of multiple application-level uses in the medical field according to reports. [17] Furthermore, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) established their AI processor chip research lab in Nanjing, and introduced their first AI expertise chip, Cambrian. [citation needed]
In 2018, Xinhua News Agency, in partnership with Tencent’s subsidiary Sogou, introduced its very first synthetic intelligence-generated news anchor. [18] [19] [20]
In 2018, the State Council budgeted $2.1 billion for an AI commercial park in Mentougou district. [21] In order to attain this the State Council mentioned the requirement for huge skill acquisition, theoretical and useful advancements, as well as public and personal investments. [14] A few of the stated inspirations that the State Council gave for pursuing its AI technique include the potential of synthetic intelligence for commercial change, much better social governance and maintaining social stability. [14] As of completion of 2020, Shanghai’s Pudong District had 600 AI companies across foundational, technical, and application layers, with related markets valued at around 91 billion yuan. [22]
In 2019, the application of expert system broadened to various fields such as quantum physics, location, and medical research study. With the introduction of big language models (LLMs), at the start of 2020, Chinese researchers began establishing their own LLMs. One such example is the multimodal big model called ‘Zidongtaichu.’ [23]
The Beijing Academy of Expert system introduced China’s very first large scale pre-trained language design in 2022. [24] [25]:283
In November 2022, the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and the Ministry of Public Security jointly issued the policies concerning deepfakes, which ended up being efficient in January 2023. [26]
In July 2023, Huawei launched its version 3.0 of its Pangu LLM. [27]
In July 2023, China released its Interim Measures for the Administration of Generative Expert System Services. [28]:96 A draft proposition on basic generative AI services security requirements, including requirements for data collection and model training was released in October 2023. [28]:96
Also in October 2023, the Chinese federal government released its Global AI Governance Initiative, which frames its AI policy as part of a Community of Common Destiny and intends to construct AI policy discussion with developing nations. [29] [28]:93 The Initiative has revealed concern over AI safety dangers, including abuse of data or the use of AI by terrorists. [28]:93
In 2024, Spamouflage, an online disinformation and propaganda project of the Ministry of Public Security, began utilizing news anchors developed with generative synthetic intelligence to provide phony news clips. [18]
In March 2024, Premier Li Qiang released the AI+ Initiative, which means to AI into China’s genuine economy. [28]:95
In May 2024, the Cyberspace Administration of China revealed that it presented a big language design trained on Xi Jinping Thought. [30]
According to the 2024 report from the International Data Corporation (IDC), Baidu AI Cloud holds China’s biggest LLM market share with 19.9 percent and US$ 49 million in income over the last year. This was followed by SenseTime, with 16 percent market share, and by Zhipu AI, as the 3rd biggest. The 4th and fifth largest were Baichuan and the Hong-Kong noted AI business 4Paradigm respectively. [31] Baichuan, Zhipu AI, Moonshot AI and MiniMax were praised by investors as China’s brand-new “AI Tigers”. [32] In April 2024, 117 generative AI models had been approved by the Chinese federal government. [33]
Since 2024, lots of Chinese innovation companies such as Zhipu AI and Bytedance have launched AI video-generation tools to competing OpenAI’s Sora. [34]
Chronology of significant AI-related policies
Ministry of Science and Technology; Ministry of Industry and Infotech; the Central Leading Group for Cyberspace Affairs
National Development and Reform Commission; Ministry of Science and Technology Ministry of Industry and Infotech
Government objectives
According to a February 2019 publication by the Center for a New American Security, CCP basic secretary Xi Jinping – believes that being at the forefront of AI innovation will be critical to the future of international military and financial power competition. [35] By 2025, the State Council intends for China to make basic contributions to standard AI theory and to strengthen its location as a worldwide leader in AI research. Further, the State Council goes for AI to become “the main driving force for China’s commercial upgrading and economic transformation” by this time. [14] By 2030, the State Council aims to have China be the global leader in the development of expert system theory and innovation. The State Council declares that China will have established a “mature new-generation AI theory and innovation system.” [14]
According to academics Karen M. Sutter and Zachary Arnold, the Chinese federal government “looks for to combine state preparation and control while some functional flexibility for companies. In this context, China’s AI companies are hybrid players. The state guides their activity, funds, and guards them from foreign competitors through domestic market securities, creating uneven advantages as they broaden offshore.” [36]
The CCP’s fourteenth five-year plan reaffirmed AI as a leading research study priority and ranks AI first amongst “frontier industries” that the Chinese government aims to concentrate on through 2035. [3] The AI market is a strategic sector often supported by China’s federal government guidance funds. [37]:167
Research and development
Chinese public AI funding mainly focused on advanced and applied research. [38] The government financing also supported multiple AI R&D in the economic sector through endeavor capitals that are backed by the state. [38] Much analytic agency research study showed that, while China is enormously investing in all aspects of AI advancement, facial acknowledgment, biotechnology, quantum computing, medical intelligence, and self-governing lorries are AI sectors with the most attention and financing. [39]
According to nationwide guidance on developing China’s high-tech industrial advancement zones by the Ministry of Science and Technology, there are fourteen cities and one county selected as an experimental development zone. [40] Zhejiang and Guangdong provinces have the most AI innovation in speculative locations. However, the focus of AI R&D varied depending upon cities and regional industrial advancement and community. For example, Suzhou, a city with a longstanding strong manufacturing market, greatly focuses on automation and AI infrastructure while Wuhan focuses more on AI executions and the education sector. [40] In connection with universities, tech firms, and nationwide ministries, Shenzhen and Hangzhou each co-founded generative AI labs. [25]:282
In 2016 and 2017, Chinese teams won the top prize at the Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge, a worldwide competition for computer vision systems. [41] A lot of these systems are now being incorporated into China’s domestic surveillance network. [42]
Interdisciplinary partnerships play an essential function in China’s AI R&D, consisting of academic-corporate collaboration, public-private partnerships, and global cooperations and tasks with corporate-government collaborations are the most common. [1] China ranked in the top three worldwide following the United States and the European Union for the overall variety of peer-reviewed AI publications that are produced under a corporate-academic partnership in between 2015 and 2019. [43] Besides, according to an AI index report, China surpassed the U.S. in 2020 in the overall number of international AI-related journal citations. [43] In terms of AI-related R&D, China-based peer-reviewed AI papers are mainly sponsored by the federal government. In May 2021, China’s Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence released the world’s biggest pre-trained language design (WuDao). [44]
As of 2023, 47% of the world’s top AI researchers had actually completed their undergraduate studies in China. [28]:101
According to academic Angela Huyue Zhang, publishing in 2024, while the Chinese federal government has actually been proactive in controling AI services and imposing obligations on AI business, the general technique to its guideline is loose and shows a pro-growth policy favorable to China’s AI industry. [28]:96 In July 2024, the federal government opened its first algorithm registration center in Beijing. [45]
Population
China’s large population generates a huge quantity of available information for companies and researchers, which offers an important benefit in the race of big data. Since 2024 [upgrade], China has the world’s biggest variety of web users, generating substantial quantities of information for machine learning and AI applications. [46]:18
Facial recognition
Facial recognition is one of the most widely used AI applications in China. Collecting these big amounts of data from its residents assists further train and broaden AI abilities. China’s market is not only conducive and valuable for corporations to more AI R&D however also provides significant financial potential attracting both global and domestic firms to join the AI market. The drastic advancement of the details and interaction technology (ICT) industry and AI chipsets in current years are 2 examples of this. [47] China has ended up being the world’s biggest exporter of facial recognition technology, according to a January 2023 Wired report. [48]
Censorship and material controls
In April 2023, [49] the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC) provided draft measures specifying that tech companies will be obliged to guarantee AI-generated content supports the ideology of the CCP including Core Socialist Values, prevents discrimination, respects intellectual home rights, and safeguards user data. [50] [25]:278 Under these draft steps, companies bear legal duty for training data and content generated through their platforms. [25]:278 In October 2023, the Chinese federal government mandated that generative artificial intelligence-produced material may not “incite subversion of state power or the toppling of the socialist system.” [51] Before releasing a large language design to the general public, business should seek approval from the CAC to accredit that the design refuses to address specific concerns connecting to political ideology and criticism of the CCP. [8] [52] Questions associated with politically sensitive subjects such as the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre or contrasts in between Xi Jinping and Winnie the Pooh must be decreased. [52]
In 2023, in-country access was blocked to Hugging Face, a company that keeps libraries consisting of training information sets typically utilized for big language designs. [8] A subsidiary of the People’s Daily, the official paper of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, offers regional companies with training information that CCP leaders think about permissible. [8] In 2024, individuals’s Daily launched a LLM-based tool called Easy Write. [53]
Microsoft has warned that the Chinese federal government utilizes generative expert system to interfere in foreign elections by spreading out disinformation and provoking conversations on divisive political issues. [54] [55] [56]
The Chinese expert system design DeepSeek has actually been reported to refuse to answer questions connecting to features of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, persecution of Uyghurs, comparisons in between Xi Jinping and Winnie the Pooh or human rights in China. [57] [58] [59]
Impact
Economic effect
Most agencies [who?] hold optimistic views about AI’s economic effect on China’s long-lasting economic growth. In the past, conventional industries in China have fought with the boost in labor expenses due to the growing aging population in China and the low birth rate. With the release of AI, operational expenses are expected to reduce while an increase in effectiveness produces revenue development. [60] Some highlight the value of a clear policy and governmental support in order to conquer adoption barriers including costs and lack of properly trained technical talents and AI awareness. [61] However, there are concerns about China’s deepening income inequality and the ever-expanding imbalanced labor market in China. Low- and medium-income employees may be the most negatively affected by China’s AI development since of increasing needs for laborers with sophisticated skills. [61] Furthermore, China’s financial development may be disproportionately divided as a majority of AI-related commercial development is concentrated in seaside regions rather than inland. [61]
A prominent choice by the Beijing Internet Court has actually ruled that AI-generated content is entitled to copyright protection. [28]:98
Military effect
China seeks to build a “first-rate” military by “intelligentization” with a specific focus on the use of unmanned weapons and expert system. [62] [63] It is looking into different kinds of air, land, sea, and undersea autonomous vehicles. In the spring of 2017, a civilian Chinese university with ties to the military showed an AI-enabled swarm of 1,000 uninhabited aerial automobiles at an airshow. A media report released afterwards revealed a computer simulation of a similar swarm development finding and destroying a missile launcher. [4]:23 Open-source publications showed that China is likewise establishing a suite of AI tools for cyber operations. [64] [4]:27 Chinese advancement of military AI is largely affected by China’s observation of U.S. prepare for defense development and fears of a broadening “generational gap” in comparison to the U.S. armed force. Similar to U.S. military ideas, China intends to utilize AI for exploiting big troves of intelligence, producing a typical operating picture, and speeding up battlefield decision-making. [64] [4]:12 -14 The Chinese Multi-Domain Precision Warfare (MDPW) is thought about China’s response to the U.S. Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2) technique, which seeks to integrate sensors and weapons with AI and an energetic network. [65] [66]
Twelve classifications of military applications of AI have actually been recognized: UAVs, USVs, UUVs, UGVs, intelligent munitions, intelligent satellites, ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance) software, automated cyber defense software application, automated cyberattack software, choice assistance, software, automated missile launch software, and cognitive electronic warfare software. [67]
China’s management of its AI environment contrasts with that of the United States. [4]:6 In general, couple of limits exist in between Chinese commercial business, university lab, the military, and the central government. As a result, the Chinese federal government has a direct means of directing AI advancement top priorities and accessing technology that was seemingly established for civilian purposes. To further reinforce these ties the Chinese government created a Military-Civil Fusion Development Commission which is planned to speed the transfer of AI technology from commercial companies and research study institutions to the military in January 2017. [2] [4]:19 In addition, the Chinese government is leveraging both lower barriers to data collection and lower costs of data identifying to produce the big databases on which AI systems train. [68] According to one estimate, China is on track to have 20% of the world’s share of data by 2020, with the potential to have over 30% by 2030. [64] [4]:12
China’s centrally directed effort is investing in the U.S. AI market, in business working on militarily appropriate AI applications, possibly approving it lawful access to U.S. innovation and intellectual property. [69] Chinese equity capital investment in U.S. AI companies in between 2010 and 2017 amounted to an approximated $1.3 billion. [70] [64] In September 2022, the U.S. Biden administration issued an executive order to prevent foreign financial investments, “especially those from competitor or adversarial nations,” from purchasing U.S. technology companies, due to U.S. nationwide security issues. [71] [72] The order covers fields of U.S. technologies in which Chinese federal government has actually been investing, including “microelectronics, expert system, biotechnology and biomanufacturing, quantum computing, [and] advanced tidy energy.” [71] [72]
In 2024, scientists from the People’s Liberation Army Academy of Military Sciences were reported to have established a military tool using Llama, which Meta Platforms said was unapproved due to its design use prohibition for military purposes. [73] [74]
Academia
Although in 2004, Peking University introduced the first academic course on AI which led other Chinese universities to adopt AI as a discipline, especially because China faces obstacles in recruiting and keeping AI engineers and scientists. [21] Over half of the information researchers in the United States have been operating in the field for over 10 years, while roughly the very same proportion of data researchers in China have less than 5 years of experience. As of 2017, fewer than 30 Chinese Universities produce AI-focused specialists and research study items. [61]:8 Although China went beyond the United States in the number of research documents produced from 2011 to 2015, the quality of its released papers, as evaluated by peer citations, ranked 34th globally. [75] China particularly want to deal with military applications and so the Beijing Institute of Technology, one of China’s premier institutes for weapons research, recently developed the first children’s academic program in military AI in the world. [76]
In 2019, 34% of Chinese students studying in the AI field remained in China for work. [77] According to a database preserved by an American thinktank, the percentage increased to 58% in 2022. [77]
Ethical concerns
For the previous years, there are conversations about AI safety and ethical concerns in both personal and public sectors. In 2021, China’s Ministry of Science and Technology published the very first nationwide ethical standard, ‘the New Generation of Artificial Intelligence Ethics Code’ on the subject of AI with specific emphasis on user security, information privacy, and security. [78] This document acknowledges the power of AI and fast technology adjustment by the huge corporations for user engagements. The South China Morning Post reported that people shall stay completely decision-making power and rights to opt-in/-out. [78] Before this, the Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence published the Beijing AI concepts requiring vital needs in long-term research and planning of AI ethical principles. [79]
Data security has actually been the most common subject in AI ethical discussion worldwide, and lots of national federal governments have actually established legislation resolving data privacy and security. The Cybersecurity Law of individuals’s Republic of China was enacted in 2017 aiming to deal with new challenges raised by AI development. [80] [initial research?] In 2021, China’s brand-new Data Security Law (DSL) was gone by the PRC congress, setting up a regulative structure classifying all sort of information collection and storage in China. [81] This means all tech business in China are needed to categorize their data into categories noted in Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and follow specific guidelines on how to govern and manage data transfers to other celebrations. [81]
Judicial system
In 2019, the city of Hangzhou established a pilot program synthetic intelligence-based Internet Court to adjudicate disagreements related to ecommerce and internet-related intellectual home claims. [82]:124 Parties appear before the court through videoconference and AI assesses the evidence presented and uses appropriate legal standards. [82]:124
Because some controversial cases that drew public criticism for their low penalties have been withdrawn from China Judgments Online, there are issues about whether AI based on fragmented judicial data can reach impartial decisions. [83] Zhang Linghan, professor of law at the China University of Political Science and Law, writes that AI-technology business may erode judicial power. [84] Some scholars argued that “increasing celebration leadership, political oversight, and reducing the discretionary space of judges are intentional objectives of SCR [wise court reform]” [85]
Leading companies
Leading AI-centric business and start-ups consist of Baidu, Tencent, Alibaba, SenseTime, 4Paradigm and Yitu Technology. [86] Chinese AI companies iFlytek, SenseTime, Cloudwalk and DJI have actually received attention for facial acknowledgment, sound recognition and drone innovations. [87]
China’s government takes a market-oriented method to AI, and has looked for to encourage personal tech business in establishing AI. [25]:281 In 2018, it designated Baidu, Alibaba, iFlytek, Tencent, and SenseTime as “AI champs”. [25]:281
In 2023, Tencent debuted its big language design Hunyuan for enterprise usage on Tencent Cloud. [88]
New leading AI startups consist of Baichuan, Zhipu AI, Moonshot AI and MiniMax which were applauded by investors as China’s new “AI Tigers” in 2024. [32] 01. AI has actually also been touted as a leading start-up. [89]
Assessment
Academic Jinghan Zeng argued the Chinese federal government’s commitment to international AI management and technological competition was driven by its previous underperformance in innovation which was seen by the CCP as a part of the century of humiliation. [90] According to Zeng, there are traditionally embedded reasons for China’s stress and anxiety towards protecting a global technological supremacy – China missed both commercial transformations, the one starting in Britain in the mid-18th century, and the one that came from America in the late-19th century. [90] Therefore, China’s government desires to take advantage of the technological revolution in today’s world led by digital innovation consisting of AI to resume China’s “rightful” location and to pursue the nationwide renewal proposed by Xi Jinping. [90]
An article published by the Center for a Brand-new American Security concluded that “Chinese federal government authorities showed remarkably eager understanding of the issues surrounding AI and international security. This includes knowledge of the U.S. AI policy conversations,” and suggested that “the U.S. policymaking neighborhood to similarly prioritize cultivating knowledge and understanding of AI developments in China” and “financing, focus, and a desire among U.S. policymakers to drive massive necessary modification.” [35] A post in the MIT Technology Review likewise concluded: “China may have unparalleled resources and huge untapped capacity, but the West has world-leading proficiency and a strong research study culture. Instead of fret about China’s development, it would be wise for Western countries to concentrate on their existing strengths, investing greatly in research and education. ” [91]
The Chinese federal government’s censorship regime has stunted the advancement of generative artificial intelligence [7] [8]
In a 2021 text, the Research Centre for a Holistic Approach to National Security at the China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations composed that the development of AI creates challenges for holistic nationwide security, consisting of the risks that AI will increase social stress or have destabilizing impacts on global relations. [28]:49
Writing from a Chinese Marxist view, academics including Gao Qiqi and Pan Enrong compete that capitalist application of AI will lead to greater injustice of workers and more major social problems. [28]:90 Gao cites how the advancement of AI has actually increased the power of platform business like Meta, Twitter, and Alphabet, causing higher capital build-up and political power in less financial stars. [28]:90 According to Gao, the state must be the primary responsible actor in the location of generative AI (creating new material like music or video). [28]:92 Gao composes that military use of AI threats escalating military competitors in between nations which the impact of AI in military matters will not be limited to one nation but will have spillover effects. [28]:91
Dialogues between Chinese and Western AI professionals about the existential threat from expert system have occurred. [92]
Public polling
The Chinese public is usually positive regarding AI. [25]:283 [28]:101 A 2021 study performed throughout 28 nations discovered that 78% of the Chinese public believes the benefits of AI surpass the dangers, the highest of any nation in the study. [25]:283 In 2024, a survey of elite Chinese university students discovered that 80% agreed or strongly concurred that AI will do more excellent than damage for society, and 31% believed it should be controlled by the federal government. [93]
Human rights
The commonly utilized AI facial acknowledgment has actually raised issues. [94] According to The New York Times, implementation of AI facial acknowledgment technology in the Xinjiang area to find Uyghurs is “the first known example of a federal government intentionally using expert system for racial profiling,” [95] which is said to be “among the most striking examples of digital authoritarianism.” [96] Researchers have actually found that in China, areas experiencing higher rates of discontent are associated with increased state acquisition of AI facial acknowledgment innovation, specifically by local community cops departments. [97] [98]
Artificial intelligence.
Expert system arms race
China Brain Project
Fifth generation computer system
List of expert system business
Regulation of artificial intelligence
References
^ a b Chang, Huey-Meei; Hannas, William C. (2022-06-22), “Foreign support, alliances, and innovation transfer”, Chinese Power and Expert System (1 ed.), London: Routledge, pp. 36-54, doi:10.4324/ 9781003212980-4, ISBN 978-1-003-21298-0
^ a b c He, Yujia (2017 ). How China is getting ready for an AI-powered Future (PDF). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-02-15. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
^ a b c d e Luong, Ngor; Fedasiuk, Ryan (2022-06-22), “State strategies, research study, and financing”, Chinese Power and Expert System (1 ed.), London: Routledge, pp. 3-18, doi:10.4324/ 9781003212980-2, ISBN 978-1-003-21298-0
^ a b c d e f g Kania, Elsa B. (November 28, 2017). Battlefield Singularity: Artificial Intelligence, Military Revolution, and China’s Future Military Power. Washington D.C: Center for a New American Security. OCLC 1029611044. Archived from the initial on January 14, 2024. Retrieved February 16, 2024.
^ Allen, Gregory (11 October 2022). “Choking off China’s Access to the Future of AI”. Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived from the initial on 12 October 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
^ Allen, Gregory C.; Benson, Emily (2023-03-01). “Clues to the U.S.-Dutch-Japanese Semiconductor Export Controls Deal Are Hiding in Plain Sight”. Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived from the original on 2023-03-03. Retrieved 2023-03-03.
^ a b Zhang, Daqiu; Lin, Yujie (2024-07-02). “生成中国式AI : 审查之外 , 科技公司的烦恼清单” [Building a Chinese AI: Beyond censorship, tech companies’ list of worries] Initium Media (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 2024-07-11. Retrieved 2024-07-11.
^ a b c d e Lin, Liza (July 15, 2024). “China Puts Power of State Behind AI-and Risks Strangling It”. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on July 16, 2024. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
^ a b c d 蔡自兴 (13 August 2016). “中国人工智能40 年”. 科技导报 (in Chinese). 34 (15 ): 12-32. doi:10.3981/ j.issn.1000-7857.2016.15.001 (inactive 1 November 2024). ISSN 1000-7857. Archived from the original on 2022-01-20. Retrieved 2022-02-07. mention journal: CS1 maint: DOI non-active as of November 2024 (link).
^ “Introduction to the Chinese Association of Artificial Intelligence”. 中国人工智能学会.
^ Liu, Wei (2023 ), Liu, Wei (ed.), “From Adjustment to Innovation: How China’s Economic Structure Has Been Upgraded”, China’s 40 Years of Reform, Understanding China, Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, pp. 11-33, doi:10.1007/ 978-981-19-8505-8_2, ISBN 978-981-19-8504-1.
^ a b “人民网 世界人工智能国际联合大会今秋将首次在中国举行– 中国科学院”. www.cas.cn. Archived from the initial on 2023-05-04. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
^ “科学网-首届吴文俊人工智能科学技术奖颁奖”. news.sciencenet.cn. Archived from the initial on 2023-05-04. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
^ a b c d e “State Council Notice on the Issuance of the Next Generation Expert System Development Plan” (PDF). New America. Archived (PDF) from the initial on April 13, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
^ Laskai, Lorand (29 January 2018). “Civil-Military Fusion: The Missing Link Between China’s Technological and Military Rise”. Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the initial on 18 July 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
^ “中国科学报” 人工智能+” 应上升为国家战略– 中国科学院”. www.cas.cn. Archived from the initial on 2023-05-04. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
^ “人民网 强强联合建医疗” 阿尔法狗” 人工智能将问诊肿瘤– 中国科学院”. www.cas.cn. Archived from the original on 2023-05-04. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
^ a b Milmo, Dan; Hawkins, Amy (2024-05-18). “How China is using AI news anchors to provide its propaganda”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2024-05-25. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
^ Kuo, Lily (2018-11-09). “World’s first AI news anchor revealed in China”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2024-02-20. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
^ Steger, Isabella (2019-02-20). “Chinese state media’s newest innovation is an AI female news anchor”. Quartz. Archived from the initial on 2024-05-19. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
^ a b Cyranoski, David (January 17, 2018). “China goes into the battle for AI talent”. Nature. 553 (7688 ): 260-261. Bibcode:2018 Natur.553..260 C. doi:10.1038/ d41586-018-00604-6. PMID 29345655.
^ Liu, Zhiyi; Zheng, Yejie (2022-04-03). “Development paradigm of expert system in China from the perspective of digital economics”. Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies. 20 (2 ): 207-217. doi:10.1080/ 14765284.2022.2081485. ISSN 1476-5284. S2CID 249301337.
^ “自动化所研发出跨模态通用人工智能平台” 紫东太初”– 中国科学院”. www.cas.cn. Archived from the initial on 2023-05-04. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
^ “Beijing-funded AI language model tops Google and OpenAI in raw numbers”. South China Morning Post. 2021-06-02. Archived from the initial on 2023-11-19. Retrieved 2024-05-21.
^ a b c d e f g h Zhang, Angela Huyue (2024 ). High Wire: How China Regulates Big Tech and Governs Its Economy. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ oso/9780197682258.001.0001. ISBN 9780197682258.
^ Zhang, Laney (April 26, 2023). “China: Provisions on Deep Synthesis Technology Participate In Effect”. Law Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 2024-08-16. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
^ “Huawei unveils Arabic LLM, brand-new information centre in Egypt as part of generative AI push”. South China Morning Post. 2024-05-21. Archived from the initial on 2024-05-25. Retrieved 2024-05-21.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Bachulska, Alicja; Leonard, Mark; Oertel, Janka (2 July 2024). The Idea of China: Chinese Thinkers on Power, Progress, and People (EPUB). Berlin, Germany: European Council on Foreign Relations. ISBN 978-1-916682-42-9. Archived from the original on 17 July 2024. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
^ Bandurski, David (2024-12-20). “AI for All”. China Media Project. Archived from the initial on 2024-12-20. Retrieved 2024-12-22.
^ Zhuang, Sylvie (21 May 2024). “China presents big language design AI based upon Xi Jinping Thought”. South China Morning Post. Archived from the initial on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
^ “Baidu, SenseTime lead China’s market for business-focused LLMs, says IDC”. South China Morning Post. 2024-08-22. Archived from the original on 2024-08-27. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
^ a b “China’s 4 new ‘AI tigers’ emerge as investor favourites”. South China Morning Post. 2024-04-19. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
^ “China’s AI start-ups race for consumers as titans like Alibaba cut prices”. Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
^ “Chinese AI firms battle to stand out from competitors in text-to-video market”. South China Morning Post. 2024-08-08. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
^ a b Allen, Gregory C. (2019 ). Understanding China’s AI Strategy: Clues to Chinese Strategic Thinking on Artificial Intelligence and National Security (Report). Center for a Brand-new American Security. JSTOR resrep20446. Archived from the initial on 2019-02-07. Retrieved 2019-03-11.
^ Sutter, Karen M. ; Arnold, Zachary (2022-06-22), “China’s AI companies: Hybrid gamers”, Chinese Power and Expert System (1 ed.), London: Routledge, pp. 19-35, doi:10.4324/ 9781003212980-3, ISBN 978-1-003-21298-0
^ Lan, Xiaohuan (2024 ). How China Works: An Introduction to China’s State-led Economic Development. Translated by Topp, Gary. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/ 978-981-97-0080-6. ISBN 978-981-97-0079-0.
^ a b Ashwin Acharya; Zachary Arnold (December 2019). “Chinese Public AI R&D Spending: Provisional Findings”. Center for Security and Emerging Technology. doi:10.51593/ 20190031. S2CID 242961679. Archived from the original on 2024-04-10. Retrieved 2024-04-10.
^ Larson, Christina (8 February 2018). China’s massive financial investment in artificial intelligence has a perilous drawback (Report). Science. doi:10.1126/ science.aat2458.
^ a b 21世纪经济报道 (2021-07-10). “解码人工智能” 国家队””. finance.sina.com.cn. Archived from the initial on 2023-04-09. Retrieved 2024-02-16. point out web: CS1 maint: numerical names: authors list (link).
^ Tilley, Aaron. “China’s Rise In The Global AI Race Becomes It Takes Over The Final ImageNet Competition”. Forbes. Archived from the original on 2019-05-28. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
^ “Beijing to Judge Every Resident Based on Behavior by End of 2020”. Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 2020-05-16.
^ a b Zhang, Daniel; Mishra, Saurabh; Brynjolfsson, Erik; Etchemendy, John; Ganguli, Deep; Grosz, Barbara; Lyons, Terah; Manyika, James; Niebles, Juan Carlos (2021-03-08), The AI Index 2021 Annual Report, arXiv:2103.06312.
^ Heikkilä, Melissa (June 9, 2021). “Meet Wu Dao 2.0, the Chinese AI model making the West sweat”. Politico. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
^ Ho, C. (October 15, 2024). “PRC Launches First Algorithm Registration Center, Strengthening AI and Data Regulation”. Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 2024-10-18.
^ Li, David Daokui (2024 ). China’s World View: Demystifying China to Prevent Global Conflict. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0393292398.
^ Li, Daitian; Tong, Tony W.; Xiao, Yangao (2021-02-18). “Is China Emerging as the Global Leader in AI?”. Harvard Business Review. ISSN 0017-8012. Archived from the original on 2024-01-20. Retrieved 2024-02-16.
^ Knight, Will (January 24, 2023). “China Is the World’s Biggest Face Recognition Dealer”. Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on 2024-02-25. Retrieved 2024-02-25.
^ Bandurski, David (April 14, 2023). “Bringing AI to the Party”. China Media Project. Archived from the original on April 15, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
^ Liu, Qianer (2023-07-11). “China to lay down AI rules with focus on material control”. Financial Times. Archived from the initial on 2024-05-25. Retrieved 2024-05-21.
^ “China is shoring up the terrific firewall software for the AI age”. The Economist. December 26, 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the initial on 2023-12-26. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
^ a b McMorrow, Ryan; Hu, Tina (July 17, 2024). “China deploys censors to create socialist AI”. Financial Times. Archived from the initial on July 17, 2024. Retrieved July 17, 2024.
^ Colville, Alex (2024-11-27). “The Party in the Machine”. China Media Project. Archived from the initial on 2024-12-02. Retrieved 2024-11-30.
^ Lyngaas, Sean (2023-09-07). “Suspected Chinese operatives using AI generated images to spread disinformation amongst US voters, Microsoft states”. CNN. Archived from the original on 2024-04-02. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
^ Milmo, Dan (2024-04-05). “China will use AI to disrupt elections in the US, South Korea and India, Microsoft alerts”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the initial on 2024-05-25. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
^ Farrell, James (April 5, 2024). “China Eying Election Disruption Campaigns-Including With AI, Microsoft Says”. Forbes. Archived from the original on April 8, 2024. Retrieved April 8, 2024.
^ Field, Matthew; Titcomb, James (27 January 2025). “Chinese AI has actually sparked a $1 trillion panic – and it doesn’t care about free speech”. The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 27 January 2025.
^ Steinschaden, Jakob (27 January 2025). “DeepSeek: This is what live censorship appears like in the Chinese AI chatbot”. Trending Topics. Retrieved 27 January 2025.
^ Lu, Donna (28 January 2025). “We checked out DeepSeek. It worked well, until we asked it about Tiananmen Square and Taiwan”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 30 January 2025.
^ “How China Is Using AI to Fuel the Next Industrial Revolution”. Time. Archived from the initial on 2022-02-05. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
^ a b c d “Artificial intelligence: Implications for China”. McKinsey & Company. Archived from the original on 2024-02-04. Retrieved 2024-02-16.
^ Bresnick, Sam (June 2024). “China’s Military AI Roadblocks”. Center for Security and Emerging Technology. doi:10.51593/ 20230042 (non-active 1 November 2024). Archived from the original on 2024-06-18. Retrieved 2024-06-18. cite web: CS1 maint: DOI non-active since November 2024 (link).
^ Takagi, Koichiro (November 16, 2022). “Xi Jinping’s Vision for Expert system in the PLA”. The Diplomat. Archived from the initial on February 18, 2024. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
^ a b c d Expert system and National Security (PDF). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. 2019. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2020-05-08. Retrieved 2020-04-30. This short article includes text from this source, which is in the general public domain.
^ Magnuson, Stew (July 13, 2023). “China Pursues Its Own Version of JADC2”. National Defense. Archived from the initial on February 18, 2024. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
^ “China Military Power Report Examines Changes in Beijing’s Strategy”. U.S. Department of Defense. November 29, 2022. Archived from the original on May 25, 2024. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
^ Fedasiuk, Ryan (August 2020). Chinese Perspectives on AI and Future Military Capabilities (Report). Center for Security and Emerging Technology. doi:10.51593/ 20200022.
^ Knight, Will (October 10, 2017). “China’s AI Awakening中国 人工智能 的崛起”. MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on 2020-05-13. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
^ Mozur, Paul; Markoff, John (2017-05-27). “Is China Outsmarting America in A.I.?”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2020-04-07. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
^ Brown, Michael; Singh, Pavneet (2018 ). China’s Technology Transfer Strategy: How Chinese Investments in Emerging Technology Enable A Strategic Competitor to Access the Crown Jewels of U.S. Innovation (PDF). Defense Innovation Unit Experimental. p. 29. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-04-12. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
^ a b Kan, Michael (September 15, 2022). “Biden Curbs China’s Investment in US Tech Firms With New Executive Order”. PC Magazine. Archived from the original on February 20, 2024. Retrieved February 19, 2024.
^ a b Sanger, David E. (2022-09-15). “Biden Issues New Order to Block Chinese Investment in Technology in the U.S.” The New York City Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2024-02-20. Retrieved 2024-02-20.
^ Cheung, Sunny (October 31, 2024). “PRC Adapts Meta’s Llama for Military and Security AI Applications”. Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on 2024-11-02. Retrieved 2024-11-03.
^ Pomfret, James; Pang, Jessie (November 1, 2024). “Chinese researchers establish AI design for military usage on back of Meta’s Llama”. Reuters. Retrieved November 1, 2024.
^ “Which nations and universities are leading on AI research?”. Times Higher Education. 2017-05-22. Archived from the original on 2020-03-02. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
^ “China’s brightest children hired to develop AI ‘killer bots'”. South China Morning Post. 2018-11-08. Archived from the original on 2020-01-09. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
^ a b “China has actually become a clinical superpower”. The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 2024-09-26. Retrieved 2024-09-27.
^ a b “Chinese AI has new ethical standards that suppress Big Tech’s algorithms”. South China Morning Post. 2021-10-03. Archived from the initial on 2022-02-03. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
^ Wu, Wenjun; Huang, Tiejun; Gong, Ke (March 2020). “Ethical Principles and Governance Technology Development of AI in China”. Engineering. 6 (3 ): 302-309. Bibcode:2020 Engin … 6..302 W. doi:10.1016/ j.eng.2019.12.015.
^ “Translation: Cybersecurity Law of individuals’s Republic of China (Effective June 1, 2017)”. DigiChina. Archived from the initial on 2022-02-04. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
^ a b Horwitz, Josh (2021-08-27). “China’s coming data laws leave firms with more concerns than answers”. Reuters. Archived from the initial on 2022-02-04. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
^ a b Šimalčík, Matej (2023 ). “Rule by Law”. In Kironska, Kristina; Turscanyi, Richard Q. (eds.). Contemporary China: a New Superpower?. Routledge. pp. 114-127. doi:10.4324/ 9781003350064-12. ISBN 978-1-03-239508-1.
^ Zhabina, Alena (January 20, 2023). “How China’s AI is automating the legal system”. Deutsche Welle. Archived from the initial on March 29, 2024. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
^ Chen, Stephen (2022-07-13). “China’s court AI reaches into every corner of justice system: report”. South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 2024-03-31. Retrieved 2024-05-25. [H] umans will slowly lose complimentary will with an increasing reliance on innovation”, she said in a paper released in the domestic peer-reviewed journal Law and Social Development on Sunday. The wise court system, constructed with the deep involvement of China’s tech giants, would also pass excessive power into the hands of a few technical professionals who composed the code, developed algorithms or monitored the database. “We need to look out to the erosion of judicial power by innovation business and capital,” she added.
^ Papagianneas, Straton; Junius, Nino (November 2023). “Fairness and justice through automation in China’s smart courts”. Computer Law & Security Review. 51: 100-101. doi:10.1016/ j.clsr.2023.105897. hdl:10067/ 2001290151162165141. Archived from the initial on 2024-05-26. Retrieved 2024-05-26 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
^ Pham, Sherisse (2018 ). “Chinese AI start-up overshadows international rivals with $4.5 billion evaluation”. CNN. Archived from the initial on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
^ “China increases tech education to become expert system leader”. NBC News. 4 January 2020. Archived from the initial on 2020-01-10. Retrieved 2020-01-10.
^ Cao, Ann (2023-09-07). “Tencent releases Hunyuan foundation AI model for enterprises”. South China Morning Post. Archived from the initial on 2024-06-03. Retrieved 2024-06-03.
^ Olcott, Eleanor (3 May 2024). “4 start-ups lead China’s race to match OpenAI’s ChatGPT”. Financial Times. Archived from the original on 8 September 2024. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
^ a b c Zeng, Jinghan (2021-09-16). “Securitization of Expert System in China”. The Chinese Journal of International Politics. 14 (3 ): 417-445. doi:10.1093/ cjip/poab005. ISSN 1750-8916.
^ Knight, Will (October 10, 2017). “China’s AI Awakening”. MIT Technology Review. Archived from the initial on March 24, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ Guest, Peter (November 29, 2024). “Inside the AI back-channel between China and the West”. The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2024-12-08.
^ Corvino, Nick; Li, Boshen (August 23, 2024). “Survey: How Do Elite Chinese Students Feel About the Risks of AI?”. Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on 2024-08-24. Retrieved 2024-08-23.
^ Beraja, Martin; Kao, Andrew; Yang, David Y; Yuchtman, Noam (2023-06-23). “AI-tocracy”. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 138 (3 ): 1349-1402. doi:10.1093/ qje/qjad012. ISSN 0033-5533.
^ Mozur, Paul (2019-04-14). “One Month, 500,000 Face Scans: How China Is Using A.I. to Profile a Minority”. The New York City Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2019-06-08. Retrieved 2024-02-25.
^ Sahin, Kaan (December 18, 2020). “The West, China, and AI security”. Atlantic Council. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
^ “Autocracy and AI Innovation”. Stanford University Center on China’s Economy and Institutions. Stanford University. July 1, 2022. Archived from the initial on February 26, 2024. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
^ “China’s AI-Tocracy Quells Protests and Boosts AI Innovation”. IEEE Spectrum. Archived from the initial on 2024-02-26. Retrieved 2024-02-26.
Further reading
Hannas, William C.; Chang, Huey-Meei, eds. (29 July 2022). Chinese Power and Expert System: Perspectives and Challenges (1st ed.). London: Routledge.